Thailand Energy Information

Thailand Energy Research

- Thailand's Energy & Climate Policy Framework: Thailand aims for 30% GHG reduction by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050, with 68% renewables in its electricity mix by 2040. The Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) and the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) oversee energy policies and regulations. The National Energy Plan (NEP) includes five master plans, with recent updates to the Power Development Plan (PDP) and Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP). The electricity sector operates under an Enhanced Single Buyer Model, while the oil and gas sectors have seen liberalisation efforts. Renewable energy targets include 73 GW of capacity by 2037, with solar and wind being key sources. Support mechanisms such as feed-in tariffs, auctions, and net-metering schemes are in place. The country also promotes energy efficiency and biofuels, with ambitious targets for electric vehicles. A carbon tax is set to be implemented in 2025.

- Thailand's Energy Companies: EGAT leads Thailand's power sector, with 44% of generation capacity. PTTEP dominates oil and gas production. Key players include EGCO, RATCH, and Glow Energy. PTT oversees oil and gas, with significant refining and retail operations. Transmission and distribution are managed by EGAT and regional authorities.

- Thailand's Energy Supply & Demand: Thailand's energy mix is dominated by fossil fuels, with natural gas leading at 66% in 2024. Total energy consumption has declined since 2019, reaching 124 Mtoe. Oil accounts for 43% of energy needs, while coal and biomass share smaller portions. Electricity generation, primarily gas-powered, has risen by 4% annually since 2021, with emissions decreasing by 7% yearly. Thailand imports significant amounts of gas and electricity, relying on LNG and pipelines from Myanmar. Despite progress, emissions remain high, posing challenges to the 2050 carbon neutrality goal.

- Thailand's Energy Use & Price by Sector: In 2024, final energy consumption in the UK remained stable at 96 Mtoe, with oil products (55%) and electricity (21%) as the primary sources. Transport (33%) and industry (29%) were the largest consuming sectors. Electricity's share has risen since 2010, particularly in households and services, displacing biomass. Energy prices varied by sector, with industrial electricity costs returning to 2022 levels.

- Thailand's Issues & Prospects: Thailand plans to phase out coal by 2050, with a 600 MW SMR target by 2037. The Draft PDP 2024 forecasts 56 GW peak demand by 2037, with 77 GW new capacity, including 61% from new power generation (74% RES, 13% CCGT, 1% SMRs). Gas and solar projects dominate, with hydrogen blending and CCS initiatives supporting decarbonisation.

Thailand Total Energy Production & Consumption

Total energy consumption has been decreasing since 2019 (-1.9%/year), reaching 124 Mtoe in 2024. It remained rather stable between 2013-2019 at around 135 Mtoe, after nearly doubling between 2000 and 2013 (+5%/year), reaching a peak at 136 Mtoe. Consumption per capita is low, 1.7 toe in 2024, around the same as the Asian average.

Graph: Primary Consumption Trends by Energy Source

Source: Thailand energy report

Interactive Chart Thailand Total Energy Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Thailand Oil Production & Consumption

The production of liquid hydrocarbons (crude oil and NGL) increased in 2024 (+11%), reaching 13.6 Mt, after decreasing from 2016 to 2023 (-6.5%/year). Previously, it had increased rapidly between 2000 and 2016 (+6%/year).

The country is an importer of crude oil and NGL; exports have grown by 1.4%/year since 2015, reaching 50 Mt in 2024. Exports have increased since 2022 (+14%/year), reaching 1 Mt in 2024. Crude oil and NGL domestic consumption have been rising since 2022 (+2%/year), reaching 62 Mt in 2024, after decreasing by 2%/year from 2016 to 2022.

Source: Thailand energy report

Interactive Chart Thailand Crude Oil Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Interactive Chart Thailand Refined Oil Products Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Thailand Natural Gas Production & Consumption

The marketed gas production jumped by 9% in 2024 to 23 bcm, after remaining steadyin 2022 and 2023 as PTTEP boosted production from maturing fields. Prior to this, gas production had also decreased by around 30% between 2014 and 2021. It increased rapidly from 17 bcm in 2000 to 35 bcm in 2014.

Natural gas domestic consumption has been declining by around 3%/year since 2018, reaching 38 bcm in 2024.

Source: Thailand energy report

Interactive Chart Thailand Gas Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Thailand Coal and Lignite Production & Consumption

The production of lignite decreased by 5%/year between 2021 and 2023, reaching 13 Mt; it remained steady in 2024. This decrease was at the same rate as over 2011-2020, rebounding by 7% in 2021.

The country's coal imports slightly increased (+1%) in 2024, reaching 18.6 Mt. Previously, they decreased by 9%/year between 2019 and 2021 because of a fall in industrial consumption, while increased competition from gas and renewables reduced the share of coal and lignite in the country's power mix.

Source: Thailand energy report

Interactive Chart Thailand Coal and Lignite Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Thailand Renewable in % Electricity Production

The Draft AEDP 2024-2037 (2024) aims to increase the share of renewables in the energy mix to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The plan targets 73 GW of renewable capacity by 2037, i.e. 45 GW more than in the previous AEDP (2018-2037); over half of this capacity will rely on ground-mounted and floating solar (39 GW), the rest being distributed as follows: 9 GW wind, 5.5 GW biomass, and 3 GW hydropower.

Source: Thailand energy report

Interactive Chart Thailand Share of Renewables in Electricity Production (incl hydro)

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Thailand GHG emissions and CO₂ emissions

In its last updated NDC (2022), the country raised its target to a 30% reduction in GHG emissions from a BAU scenario by 2030 (20% before) and up to 40% subject to international support. It also included the objectives of carbon neutrality by 2050 and net zero GHG emissions by 2065-2070.

Source: Thailand energy report

Interactive Chart Thailand CO₂ emissions

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data