Pakistan Energy Information

Pakistan Energy Research

- Pakistan's Energy & Climate Policy Framework: Pakistan aims for 62% renewable energy in its power mix by 2035 and a 50% GHG emissions cut. The Ministry of Energy oversees the sector, promoting privatisation and deregulation. Recent shifts include a move from gas to coal due to global energy crises. Regulatory bodies like NEPRA and OGRA govern electricity and oil/gas sectors, respectively. Support mechanisms for renewables and energy efficiency are in place, though challenges like circular debt persist.

- Pakistan's Energy Companies: Pakistan's energy sector is dominated by state-owned firms, with WAPDA Hydro leading electricity generation. Key players include GENCOs, IPPs, and K-Electric. Oil and gas exploration is primarily handled by OGDCL and PPL, with privatisation planned. Gas transmission is managed by SSGC and SNGPL, while coal production is led by SECMC.

- Pakistan's Energy Supply & Demand: "Pakistan's energy consumption and CO₂ emissions fell 14% since 2021. Hydroelectricity dominates the power mix. Fossil fuels account for 70% of energy, with gas, oil, and coal at 29%, 27%, and 12% respectively. Biomass and primary electricity make up 21% and 11%. Electricity production declined 1% annually since 2022, with hydro and gas leading generation. Transmission losses remain high at 18%."

- Pakistan's Energy Use & Price by Sector: In 2024, final energy consumption remained stable at 75 Mtoe, with transport sector demand rising by 7%. Biomass supplied 20% of total energy, while households and services accounted for 38% of consumption. Oil was the primary fuel (29%), with gas and biomass each at 25%. Industry saw a 4% annual decline in consumption since 2021, while transport sector prices stabilised after a 2022 surge. Residential electricity prices rose sharply before decreasing in 2024.

- Pakistan's Issues & Prospects: Pakistan is expanding its energy infrastructure with over 20 GW of projects under construction, including 16 GW of hydro. China's CPEC initiative supports this growth with USUSD 50bn in funding. The country aims to boost renewable energy, particularly wind and solar, to reduce reliance on imported fuels. Significant investments are planned in hydro, nuclear, coal, and gas projects, with transmission upgrades to enhance grid stability. Additionally, Pakistan is exploring green hydrogen and expanding LNG import capacity to address energy shortages.

Pakistan Total Energy Production & Consumption

The country's total consumption increased slightly in 2024 (+1%) to 91 Mtoe, after decreasing by 8%/year from 2021 to 2023. It increased rapidly between 2015 and 2021 (6%/year) to a peak at 106 Mtoe, after remaining stable from 2006 to 2014. Per capita consumption is about 0.4 toe. Fossil fuels account for nearly 70% of the total energy mix, with gas accounting for 29% and in regression (-8 pp since 2010), oil for 27% and coal for 12% (+ 8 pp). Biomass accounts for 21% (- 5pp) and primary electricity for 11% in 2024 (+ 6 pp), of which 6.5% for nuclear (+ 5 pp) and 3.5% for hydro.

Source: Pakistan energy report

Interactive Chart Pakistan Total Energy Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Pakistan Oil Production & Consumption

Crude oil production has fluctuated around 4 Mt since 2012 and dropped by 11% in 2024 (3.5 Mt). Production supplies around 28% of the country's needs. Crude oil imports increased by 10% in 2024 to 9 Mt.

Graph: Crude Oil Production & Consumption

Source: Pakistan energy report

Interactive Chart Pakistan Crude Oil Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Interactive Chart Pakistan Refined Oil Products Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Pakistan Natural Gas Production & Consumption

The country has two FSRU LNG terminals with a total capacity of 14 bcm/year, both located at Port Qasim, Karachi; one was commissioned in 2015 by EETPL (6.2 bcm/year), and the other is Pakistan GasPort (PGPCL) (7.8 bcm/year).

PSO signed a 15-year contract with Qatargas in 2016 for the supply of 5 bcm of LNG and a contract with Pertamina in 2018 for 2 bcm of LNG over 10 years (with an option for a 5-year extension). It signed a new 10-year agreement with Qatar Petroleum to import 3 Mt/year of LNG starting in 2022.

Source: Pakistan energy report

Interactive Chart Pakistan Gas Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Pakistan Coal and Lignite Production & Consumption

Graph: Coal Production & Consumption

Coal and lignite production has increased by 18% per year on average since 2015 and reached about 15 Mt in 2024 (5 times more than in 2012). Coal imports quadrupled between 2015 and 2021, reaching around 21 Mt in 2021, in order to supply coal-fired power plants. However, tensions on international coal prices led to a significant drop in coal imports in 2023 and 2024, by around 65% to 7 Mt.

Source: Pakistan energy report

Interactive Chart Pakistan Coal and Lignite Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Pakistan Renewable in % Electricity Production

AEDB, Alternative Energy Development Board, is the national agency for the promotion of renewables.

In its last NDC (2025), the country plans that capacities of renewables (including hydropower) would reach 38.5 GW in 2035 or 62% of the capacity mix.

Source: Pakistan energy report

Interactive Chart Pakistan Share of Renewables in Electricity Production (incl hydro)

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Pakistan GHG emissions and CO₂ emissions

In its updated NDC (2025), Pakistan committed to cut its GHG emissions by up to 50% in 2035 relative to a BAU scenario (corresponding to limiting GHG emissions to 1 280 MtCO2eq). Of this reduction, 17% is unconditional (corresponding to 435 MtCO2eq) and the remaining 33% is conditional (corresponding to 844 MtCO2eq), depending on international support).

Source: Pakistan energy report

Interactive Chart Pakistan CO₂ emissions

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data