India Energy Information

India Energy Research

- India's Energy & Climate Policy Framework: India has achieved its 2030 non-fossil fuel target early and aims for carbon neutrality by 2070. Energy sector management is divided among multiple ministries, with NITI Aayog guiding policy. The National Electricity Plan targets 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030, supported by significant transmission infrastructure investments. Renewable energy, including solar and wind, is a key focus, with ambitious capacity targets. The country also promotes green hydrogen, biofuels, and energy efficiency measures. Regulatory reforms and market liberalisation are ongoing to enhance competition and sustainability.

- India's Energy Companies: India's energy sector is dominated by state-owned firms like ONGC and CIL in fossil fuels, and NTPC in power generation. Private companies hold significant shares in power capacity, with Tata Power, Adani Power, and Reliance Power among the largest. NTPC leads in renewable energy expansion, aiming for 65% coal and 23% solar by 2032. Transmission is primarily managed by Powergrid, while distribution has been restructured to improve efficiency. ONGC dominates oil and gas production, with major refineries operated by IOCL, BPCL, and RIL. GAIL leads gas transmission, and CIL dominates coal production.

- India's Energy Supply & Demand: In 2024, India's energy supply grew rapidly, with coal dominating (49%) despite rising solar capacity. Total consumption reached 1,213 Mtoe, driven by industrial and agricultural demand. Electricity generation surged, though coal's share declined slightly. Renewables expanded, but CO₂ emissions rose, reflecting heavy reliance on fossil fuels.

- India's Energy Use & Price by Sector: Final energy consumption has risen by 5% annually since 2020, with industry leading demand. Oil and coal dominate, though electricity's share remains below global averages. Gas prices have declined post-2023 peaks.

- India's Issues & Prospects: India plans to boost power production by 5% annually until 2031, with renewables filling 44% of the gap as coal's share decreases to 50%. Despite this, 80 GW of coal-fired capacity is planned by 2032. The energy sector faces challenges, including rising oil consumption and imports, necessitating significant investments in infrastructure. India aims to cut fuel import dependency by 50% by 2030. Enerdata forecasts a 1.7% annual increase in primary energy consumption until 2050 if NDCs are met. The government targets 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based electricity capacity by 2030, with renewables expected to dominate future power production.

India Total Energy Production & Consumption

Primary consumption increased by 6.5%/year since 2020 to reach 1 213 Mtoe in 2024, compared to a slower growth before (4.6%/year over 2010-2019). Total energy consumption per capita reached 0.8 toe (2024), half the Asian average.

Graph: Primary Consumption Trends by Energy Source

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India Total Energy Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

India Oil Production & Consumption

Oil production has declined by 24% since 2010, reaching 32 Mt in 2024 (-13% since 2019).

India is the world's third largest importer of crude oil, reaching its highest level in 2024 at 241 Mt (+2.8%/year since 2010). In 2024, crude oil imports represented 93% of the country's oil needs. The country is a net oil product exporter (13 Mt in 2024), although its net exports have fallen by 56% since 2018.

Graph: Crude Oil Production & Consumption

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India Crude Oil Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Interactive Chart India Refined Oil Products Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

India Natural Gas Production & Consumption

Natural gas production has increased by 6%/year since 2020, reaching 37 bcm in 2024, after a 2.7%/year decline between 2014 and 2020.

In 2020, ONGC began to produce gas from the KG-DWN98/2 block (Cluster 2 project) in the Bay of Bengal. The US$5.1bn project is forecast to provide up to 17 mcm/d of gas (6.2 bcm/year). Production from the deepest well U1B started at the end of 2021.

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India Gas Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

India Coal and Lignite Production & Consumption

Total coal and lignite production increased by 5% in 2024 to almost 1.1 Gt, its highest level (+7%/year since 2019). The average progression over 2015-2019 was around 3%/year.

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India Coal and Lignite Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

India Renewable in % Electricity Production

IREDA, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency, finances the development of renewables.

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India Share of Renewables in Electricity Production (incl hydro)

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

India GHG emissions and CO₂ emissions

In its updated NDC (2022), the country reiterated a target to reduce its CO2 emission intensity of GDP by 45% in 2030, compared to 2005 levels. In 2021, the country pledged to reach net-zero emissions in 2070.

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India CO₂ emissions

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data