India Energy Information

India Energy Research

- India's Energy & Climate Policy Framework: India's energy policy aims for carbon neutrality by 2070, with ambitious renewable targets and sector-specific regulations. The framework involves multiple ministries and NITI Aayog's strategic plans, including a transition to less carbon-intensive energy and significant investments in solar power and energy storage. Recent reforms include liberalising power distribution and expanding gas and coal markets, while promoting green hydrogen and nuclear energy. Energy efficiency initiatives and a carbon credit trading scheme are also key components.

- India's Energy Companies: India's energy sector is dominated by state-owned firms like ONGC and CIL in fossil fuels, and NTPC in power generation. Private companies hold significant shares in power capacity, with Tata Power, Adani Power, and Reliance Power among the largest. NTPC leads in renewable energy expansion, aiming for 35 GW by 2027. Transmission is primarily managed by Powergrid, while distribution has been restructured to improve efficiency. In oil and gas, ONGC and Reliance dominate production, with GAIL leading in transmission. Coal production is led by Coal India, with plans for overseas expansion.

- India's Energy Supply & Demand: In 2024, India's energy supply relied heavily on coal (49%), with significant contributions from oil (21%) and biomass (21%). Solar capacity surged, reaching 127 GW by September 2025. Total energy consumption grew by 6.5% annually since 2020, driven by industrial and agricultural demand. Despite substantial coal reserves, India remains a net importer of energy resources, with rising GHG emissions. Renewable energy expansion and nuclear projects aim to diversify the energy mix.

- India's Energy Use & Price by Sector: Final energy consumption rose 5% annually since 2020, with industry leading demand. Oil and coal dominate, but electricity's share lags global averages. Gas prices fell in 2024 after peaking in 2023. Transport relies heavily on oil, while residential use favours biomass and electricity.

- India's Issues & Prospects: India plans to boost power production by 5% annually until 2031, with renewables filling 44% of the gap as coal's share drops to 50%. Despite this, 80 GW of coal capacity is planned by 2032. The energy sector faces challenges, including rising oil imports and the need for significant investments in infrastructure. India aims to cut fuel import dependency by 50% by 2030. Enerdata forecasts a 1.7% annual increase in primary energy consumption until 2050 if NDCs are met. The government targets 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based electricity capacity by 2030, with renewables expected to dominate future growth.

India Total Energy Production & Consumption

Primary consumption has increased by 6.5%/year since 2020, reaching 1 213 Mtoe in 2024, compared to slower growth previously (4.6%/year over 2010-2019). Total energy consumption per capita reached 0.8 toe (2024), half the Asian average.

Graph: Primary Consumption Trends by Energy Source

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India Total Energy Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

India Oil Production & Consumption

Oil production has declined by 24% since 2010, reaching 32 Mt in 2024 (-13% since 2019).

India is the world's third largest importer of crude oil, reaching its highest level in 2024 at 241 Mt (+2.8%/year since 2010). In 2024, crude oil imports represented 93% of the country's oil needs. The country is a net oil product exporter (13 Mt in 2024), although its net exports have fallen by 56% since 2018.

Graph: Crude Oil Production & Consumption

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India Crude Oil Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Interactive Chart India Refined Oil Products Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

India Natural Gas Production & Consumption

Natural gas production has increased by 6%/year since 2020, reaching 37 bcm in 2024, after a 2.7%/year decline between 2014 and 2020.

In 2020, ONGC began to produce gas from the KG-DWN98/2 block (Cluster 2 project) in the Bay of Bengal. The US$5.1bn project is forecast to provide up to 17 mcm/d of gas (6.2 bcm/year). Production from the deepest well U1B started at the end of 2021.

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India Gas Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

India Coal and Lignite Production & Consumption

Total coal and lignite production increased by 5% in 2024 to almost 1.1 Gt, its highest level (+7%/year since 2019). The average progression over 2015-2019 was around 3%/year.

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India Coal and Lignite Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

India Renewable in % Electricity Production

IREDA, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency, finances the development of renewables.

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India Share of Renewables in Electricity Production (incl hydro)

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

India GHG emissions and CO₂ emissions

In its updated NDC (2022), the country reiterated a target to reduce its CO2 emission intensity of GDP by 45% in 2030, compared to 2005 levels. In 2021, the country pledged to reachnet-zero emissions in 2070.

Source: India energy report

Interactive Chart India CO₂ emissions

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data