India Key Figures
- Population:
- 1429 million
- GDP growth rate:
- 7.83 %/year
- Energy independence:
- 65.8%
Data of the last year available: 2023
- Total consumption/GDP:*
- 76.3 (2005=100)
- CO2 Emissions:
- 2.10 tCO2/capita
- Rate of T&D power losses:
- 19.6%
* at purchasing power parity
View all macro and energy indicators in the India energy report
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Total Energy Consumption
Total energy consumption per capita reached 0.8 toe (2023), half the Asian average. Electricity consumption per capita reached 985 kWh in 2023.
Total energy consumption continued to grow significantly (6.5%/year since 2020, of which 5% in 2023), reaching 1.14 Gtoe in 2023. It had increased less rapidly over 2010-2023 (4.3%/year).
Coal is the country's top energy source with an increasing share of 49% in 2023 (+9 points since 2010 and +4 since 2020), followed by oil (22%) and biomass (20%). Natural gas covers 5% and primary electricity (hydro, nuclear, solar, and wind) 4%.
Interactive Chart India Total Energy Consumption
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View the detailed fondamentals of the market at country level (graphs, tables, analysis) in the India energy report
Crude Oil Production
Oil production has declined by 21% since 2010, reaching 33 Mt in 2023 (-10% since 2019).
India is the world's third largest importer of crude oil, reaching its highest level in 2023 at 234 Mt (+2.8%/year since 2010). In 2023, crude oil imports represented 93% of the country's oil needs. The country is a net oil product exporter (18 Mt in 2023), although its net exports have fallen by 40% since 2018.
Interactive Chart India Crude Oil Production
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Oil Products Consumption
Oil product consumption has rebounded since 2020 (7%/year) after a sharp drop in 2020 (-10%) and reached 245 Mt in 2023. It had increased less rapidly over 2010-2019 (3%/year).
Of the total consumption for 2023, 53% was used in transport, 19% in industry (including non-energy uses), and 14% in the residential, services, and agriculture sector.
Graph: OIL CONSUMPTION (Mt)
Graph: OIL CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR (2023, %)
Interactive Chart India Refined Oil Products Production
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Natural Gas Consumption
Gas consumption increased by 11% to 70 bcm in 2023, after a 7% decline in 2022 as high gas prices deterred imports. Between 2014 and 2023, gas consumption increased by 3.3%/year.
Industry is the main consumer of gas with 36% in 2023 (mainly fertiliser plants). It is followed by electricity production (20%) and transport (19%). The residential and services sector accounted for 2%; the actual share of this sector is underestimated as official statistics combine transport (CNG) and sales of city gas to local distributors, mainly in residential and services.
Interactive Chart India Natural Gas Domestic Consumption
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Coal Consumption
Coal and lignite consumption has increased very rapidly since 2020 (11%/year) reaching 1.3 Gt in 2023. Between 2015 and 2018, the progression was twice slower (around 5%/year). The consumption decreased in 2019 and 2020.
In 2023, power generation and industry were the main consumers of coal and lignite, with 62% and 34%, respectively.
Graph: COAL CONSUMPTION (Mt)
Graph: COAL CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR (2023, %)
Interactive Chart India Coal and Lignite Domestic Consumption
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View the detailed consumption trends at country level (graphs, tables, analysis) in the India energy report
Power Consumption
Electricity consumption increased by 6%/year since 2020, of which 6.5% in 2023 to 1407 TWh. It also grew rapidly over 2010-2019 (7%/year) and fell by 8.5% in 2020.
Graph: ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION (TWh)
Renewable in % Electricity Production
IREDA, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency, finances the development of renewables.
SECI, Solar Energy Corporation of India, under the MNRE, manages the implementation of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM). The Solar Mission aimed to deploy 100 GW of solar power over 2010-2022 (73 GW in 2023). The government also set the target of 40 GW of rooftop solar capacity by mid-2022 (only 10 GW installed at the end of 2023). A new subsidy scheme for rooftop solar was released in April 2024 to meet the target by 2026.
Interactive Chart India Share of Renewables in Electricity Production (incl hydro)
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Learn more about renewables in the Mini grid Africa & Asia markets for village electrification
CO2 Fuel Combustion/CO2 Emissions
In its updated NDC (2022), the country reiterated a target to reduce its CO2 emission intensity of GDP by 45% in 2030, compared to 2005 levels. In 2021, the country pledged to reach net-zero emissions in 2070.
The country does not publish GHG emissions inventories. According to Climate Transparency, India's emissions (excl. LULUCF) increased by 182% between 1990-2019 to 3.26 GtCO2e (of which 73% from the energy sector, 15% from agriculture, 9% from industrial processes and 3% from waste).