European Union Energy Information

European Union Energy Research

- European Union's Energy & Climate Policy Framework: The EU has implemented various energy and climate policies, including the REPowerEU Plan, to address energy market disruptions and enhance energy security. Key measures include energy savings, clean energy production, and supply diversification. The Affordable Energy Action Plan and Clean Industrial Deal aim to lower energy costs, accelerate clean energy investments, and support industrial decarbonisation. The EU is also reforming electricity market design, phasing out Russian oil and gas, and promoting renewables and hydrogen. Energy efficiency targets and the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) are central to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The EU is on track to meet its 2030 climate targets, with further ambitions for 2040 and 2050.

- European Union's Energy Supply & Demand: The EU's energy supply and demand in 2024 show significant progress in renewable energy adoption, with 66% of power from CO₂-free sources, including 43% renewables. Energy-related CO₂ emissions are 36% below 1990 levels. Primary energy consumption remained stable at 1,245 Mtoe, with oil, gas, and biomass being the primary sources. Electricity capacity increased by 4.6%, driven by solar and wind energy. Power generation rebounded slightly, with renewables playing a larger role. The EU also became a net exporter of electricity. Oil and gas consumption declined, while coal use continued to decrease. Overall, the EU has made substantial strides in reducing emissions and increasing renewable energy use.

- European Union's Energy Use & Price by Sector: In 2024, the EU's final energy consumption rose slightly (+0.7%) after prior declines, with gas and oil stabilising and coal demand falling by 11%. Energy prices, though lower than 2022-2023 peaks, remained higher than pre-2019 levels. Households and services accounted for 39% of energy use, transport 30%, and industry 23%. Electricity's share of final energy consumption increased to 22% in 2024, projected to rise further by 2050.

European Union Total Energy Production & Consumption

Total energy consumption per capita is 2.8 toe (compared to 1.95 toe in the world, 6.5 toe in the United States, and 3.1 toe in China), including 5 400 kWh of electricity (compared to 3 300 kWh in the world, nearly 12 300 kWh in the United States and 6 400 kWh in China).

Graph: Primary Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe)

Source: European Union energy report

Interactive Chart European Union Total Energy Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

European Union Oil Production & Consumption

Crude oil and NGL production is limited and decreasing, reaching 19 Mt in 2024 (-45% since 2010); imports of crude oil represented over 90% of its consumption. In 2024, Russia accounted for 3% of imports (down from 25% in 2021), with the United States accounting for 14%, followed by Norway (11%), Kazakhstan (10%), and the Netherlands (intra-EU trade, 9%).

Source: European Union energy report

Interactive Chart European Union Crude Oil Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

Interactive Chart European Union Refined Oil Products Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

European Union Natural Gas Production & Consumption

Natural gas production has been divided by 3.6 since 2010 (-9%/year), falling by 15% in 2023 and by 4% in 2024 to 41 bcm, mostly due to the closure of the Groningen field in the Netherlands in October 2023. Net imports (278 bcm in 2024) cover most of gas consumption (83% in 2024, up from 65% in 2010). Since 2022, gas imports have decreased by 10%/year (-7.5% in 2024) to 332 bcm.

Source: European Union energy report

Interactive Chart European Union Gas Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

European Union Coal and Lignite Production & Consumption

In 2024, coal and lignite production fell for the second year in a row by 10% to 262 Mt (-21% in 2023); this decline was more rapid than between 2010 and 2019 (-3.5%/year, with a 20% fall in 2020). In 2021 and 2022, production temporarily rebounded (+9% in 2021 and +6% in 2022), due to a higher demand from the power sector in a context of surging gas prices.

Source: European Union energy report

Interactive Chart European Union Coal and Lignite Production & Consumption

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

European Union Renewable in % Electricity Production

The Renewable Energy Directive is the legal framework for the development of renewable energy in the EU economy.

The new renewable energy directive (October 2023) aims at increasing the share of renewables in the EU's final energy consumption to 42.5% by 2030, with an additional 2.5% indicative top-up for a target of 45%. This share reached 24.5% in 2023 (including 10.8% in transport, 26.2% for heating and cooling, and 45.3% for electricity). The 2020 target of 20% set in the Directive was exceeded, with a share reaching 22%.

Source: European Union energy report

Interactive Chart European Union Share of Renewables in Electricity Production (incl hydro)

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data

European Union GHG emissions and CO₂ emissions

The 2030 Climate Target Plan (2021) raised the EU target of GHG emissions reduction to at least 55% below 1990 levels by 2030. With the revision of the LULUCF regulation, this target was strengthened to 57% in 2023. According to the Commission's May 2025 assessment of NECPs, the EU is well on track to achieve the 55% emission cut target.

Source: European Union energy report

Interactive Chart European Union CO₂ emissions

Source: Global Energy & CO₂ data