European Union Key Figures
- Population:
- 448 million
- GDP growth rate:
- 3.65 %/year
- Energy independence:
- 42.9 %
Data of the last year available: 2022
- Total consumption/GDP:*
- 66.7 (2005=100)
- CO2 Emissions:
- 5.90 tCO2/capita
- Rate of T&D power losses:
- 39.7 %
* at purchasing power parity
View all macro and energy indicators in the European Union energy report
European Union Energy News
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European Union Energy Research
Benefit from up to 2 000 up-to-date data series for 186 countries in Global Energy & CO2 data
A data overview is available in the global energy statistics app
European Union Total Energy Consumption
Total energy consumption per capita is 2.8 toe (compared to 6.5 toe in the United States and 2.9 toe in China), including around 5 400 kWh of electricity (compared to 12 100 kWh in the United States and 5 900 kWh in China).
Graph: CONSUMPTION TRENDS BY ENERGY SOURCE (Mtoe)
Interactive Chart European Union Total Energy Consumption
Benefit from up to 2 000 up-to-date data series for 186 countries in Global Energy & CO2 data
View the detailed fondamentals of the market at country level (graphs, tables, analysis) in the European Union energy report
European Union Crude Oil Production
Crude oil and NGL production is limited and decreasing, reaching 22 Mt in 2023 (-38% since 2010); imports of crude oil represented over 90% of its consumption. In 2023, Russia accounted for 4% of imports (down from 25% in 2021), with the United States accounting for 13%, followed by Norway (11%), the Netherlands (intra-EU trade), and Kazakhstan (9% each). According to preliminary estimates, Russian crude oil imports fell by nearly 40% in 2024, to the advantage of Kazakhstan (+18%), the United States (+3%), and Norway (+1%).
Interactive Chart European Union Crude Oil Production
Benefit from up to 2 000 up-to-date data series for 186 countries in Global Energy & CO2 data
Additionally, for more detailed information on refineries, you can request a sample of our EMEA Refineries Dataset
European Union Oil Products Consumption
Oil consumption dipped by 3.2% in 2023 to 422 Mt; it had decreased by 9% in 2020, rebounded by 5% in 2021, and remained stable in 2022. Previously, oil consumption had declined by 3%/year between 2006 and 2013 and stabilised at around 450 Mt until 2019.
Graph: OIL CONSUMPTION (Mt)
In 2023, transport represented 59% of the oil consumption, followed by industry (including non-energy uses) with 20% and residential services & agriculture with 11%.
Interactive Chart European Union Refined Oil Products Production
Benefit from up to 2 000 up-to-date data series for 186 countries in Global Energy & CO2 data
Additionally, for more detailed information on refineries, you can request a sample of our EMEA Refineries Dataset
European Union Natural Gas Consumption
Gas consumption declined by 13% in 2022 to 366 bcm and by 8.4% to 335 bcm in 2023 (i.e. 77 bcm below the 2019 level) due to the energy crisis, surging gas prices, and coordinated gas demand-reduction measures. Those measures are estimated to have phased out around 65 bcm of Russian gas in 2023, primarily for households and industries. Moreover, rising renewable power generation in 2023 (hydropower and nuclear to a lesser extent) contributed to cut the EU's gas demand for power generation (-13%).
Interactive Chart European Union Natural Gas Domestic Consumption
Benefit from up to 2 000 up-to-date data series for 186 countries in Global Energy & CO2 data
Additionally, for more detailed information on the LNG trade, you can request a sample of our EMEA LNG Trade Dataset
European Union Coal Consumption
In 2023, coal and lignite consumption returned to its downward trend with a 23% fall to 368 Mt. It rose in 2021 (+13%) and 2022 (+3%), especially in the power sector, in a context of soaring gas prices. This rebound contrasted with the long-term declining trend (-2.7%/year over 1990-2019, including -3.5%/year over 2010-2019). Lignite represents the bulk of this consumption (62% in 2023).
Graph: COAL CONSUMPTION (Mt)
Interactive Chart European Union Coal and Lignite Domestic Consumption
Benefit from up to 2 000 up-to-date data series for 186 countries in Global Energy & CO2 data
View the detailed consumption trends at country level (graphs, tables, analysis) in the European Union energy report
European Union Power Consumption
Electricity consumption decreased by 3.2% in 2022 and by 3% in 2023, to 2 410 TWh, i.e. slightly below its 2005-2019 average of 2 500 TWh. Previously, it had increased by 2%/year between 1993 and 2005.
Graph: ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION (TWh)
The industrial sector is the largest electricity consumer with 34% of total electricity consumption in 2023. The residential and services sector have the same market share (29% each).
European Union Renewable in % Electricity Production
The Renewable Energy Directive is the legal framework for the development of renewable energy in the EU economy.
The new renewable energy directive (October 2023) aims at increasing the share of renewables in the EU's final energy consumption to 42.5% by 2030, with an additional 2.5% indicative top-up for a target of 45%. This share reached 24.5% in 2023 (including 10.8% in transport, 26.2% for heating and cooling, and 45.3% for electricity). The 2020 target of 20% set in the Directive was exceeded, with a share reaching 22%.
Interactive Chart European Union Share of Renewables in Electricity Production (incl hydro)
Benefit from up to 2 000 up-to-date data series for 186 countries in Global Energy & CO2 data
Learn more about renewables in the European Battery Market Analysis
European Union CO2 Fuel Combustion/CO2 Emissions
Total GHG emissions (UNFCCC definition) fell by 8% in 2023 below 3 GtCO2eq, which is 37% below their 1990 level (LULUCF included); this sharp reduction was driven by a significant decrease in coal consumption, the increase in renewables, and a decline in energy consumption. GHG have been declining by nearly 2%/year on average since 2017 (including an 8.7% fall in 2020, a 5.5% rebound in 2021, and a 2.5% reduction in 2022).