The French energy regulator (Commission de Régulation de l'Energie, CRE) estimates that the CSPE rate (renewable and social surcharge on electricity bills) should double between 2013 (€13.5/MWh) and 2025 (€30/MWh) to cover EDF's compensation deficit (gap between renewable feed-in tariffs paid to producers and regulated end-consumer tariffs). Public service charges should reach €11bn in 2025. Over the 2014-2025 period, cumulated charges are expected to reach €100bn (current euros), due to new renewable installations: 60% of these charges are directly related to the existing renewable park, with operational solar plants (at year-end 2013) contributing by €25bn to charges over the 2014-2025 period. According to the CRE, new solar installations should average 400 MW/year until 2025 to reach 10 GW. New offshore wind parks awarded through the recent tenders should also contribute to €10bn in charges until 2025; offshore wind capacity should reach 3 GW by 2025. The CSPE rate was raised to €16.5/MWh in 2014 and will increase by a maximum €3/MWh until 2017, when it will reach €25.5/MWh. It will have to reach €30/MWh in 2025 to fully cover EDF's deficit.