Nord Stream 2 has started filling gas into the second 27.5 bcm/year string of the 55 bcm/year Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline between Vyborg (Russia) and Greifswald (Germany), and pre-commissioning activities on the second string were completed. The construction of the €9.5bn (US$11bn) Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline started in May 2018 and was completed in September 2021. The project, which aims at doubling the throughput of the current Nord Stream gas pipeline from 55 bcm/year to 110 bcm/year, is developed by Gazprom (50%), Uniper, Shell, OMV, Wintershall and Engie (10% each). The project is yet to receive an operating licence from the German energy regulator Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur or BNetzA) and from the European Union, in a context of political tensions over Ukraine; the BNetzA expects full certification of the project in the second half of 2022 at the earliest.